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签订竞业限制协议的主体/戚谦

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■郑州戚谦律师•竞业限制专题系列二
签订竞业限制协议的主体
 
竞业禁止条款的签订应充分体现契约自由的原则,必须自愿协商一致,不可把用人单位的意志强加给劳动者。不少竞业限制协议因主体不适格、不支付补偿金等违法法律法规而归于无效。
判断竞业禁止合同效力有以下因素:是否存在被限制方知晓商业秘密等禁止理由、是否约定合理的禁止时间、行业和地域范围以及限制方是否支付合理的补偿等因素。

具体而言,签订竞业禁止协议应注意以下几个问题:

一、竞业限制的主体限制

公司法中竞业禁止原则限定于公司董事、经理;劳动合同法第23条规定为:“竞业禁止的人员限于用人单位的高级管理人员、高级技术人员和其他负有保密义务的人员。”
竞业限制的主体应是在本单位因职务关系接触或有可能接触本单位重要商业秘密的职员,如高级管理人员和技术骨干,不包括那些未能接触到商业秘密的人员,不能无原则地包括全体职工。

如果劳动者仅为单位的一般员工,并未接触到单位的商业秘密,可不签订竞业限制合同,被迫签订后可以在离职后申请仲裁认定该竞业限制合同无效。

多数学者以及司法实践都认为,竞业禁止义务主体主要有以下六类人:
①董事、财务总监、监事、经理、首席执行官(CEO)、首席财务官(CFO)等身处领导、决策岗位的高级经营管理人员,掌握企业大量商业秘密;
②高级技术人员、研究开发人员等处于关键岗位的技术员工,如技术研制、开发、利用人员,掌握企业技术秘密;
③高级营销人员,直接掌握着大量的客户资源;
④关键岗位的人员,如秘书、财会人员、HR、法务管理人员,许多公司关键资料都在他们那里;
⑤重要信息员,企业内的各种调研数据等都掌握在他们手里;
⑥其他可以接触到商业秘密的人员,如办公室主任、部门经理等。如何认定“其他可以接触到商业秘密的人员”是司法实践中的难点问题。有时候一些没有特别技能、职位较低,但可能接触到商业秘密的人员,也应当纳入竞业禁止义务主体的范畴中来。

二、疑难问题探讨
1、《公司法》第217条规定的除经理、副经理、财务负责人、上市公司董事会秘书之外的其他公司高级管理人员如何界定;
虽然允许公司章程可确定高级管理人员,但并非公司章程可随意自行确定,只有满足一定条件的管理人员才可在章程中被确定为高级管理人员,否则,即便章程上记载为高级管理人员,由于其有违市场经济竞争或人才流动的要求,不利于体现公司与雇员之间的利益衡平依法也不能认定为公司法上的高级管理人员,至少不能认定为竞业禁止义务主体范畴上的高级管理人员。

限定条件为:第一,从职权来讲,要求在行使职权的过程中可以掌握公司的人力、物力、信息、客户渠道等重要商业资源,且在职权范围内实际掌控着公司对外经营权或重大事项的执行决定权(说明他们具有广泛的经营管理权和对外代表权,能够代表公司进行经营活动;否则,应采用约定竞业禁止的办法。);第二,在任免职务的程序上必须经董事会决议(说明其职务重要,相对稳定,不能轻易撤换。),如总经理助理,财务总监、业务总监等。

2、监事是否属于竞业禁止的义务主体;
董事、高级管理人员不得兼任监事,说明监事不属高级管理人员,自然不为竞业禁止的义务主体。
另外,《公司法》第147条和第148条在规定任职条件、忠实义务和勤勉义务时,董事、监事、高级管理人员三者均一并出现,而在第149条规定竞业禁止等时,则只出现董事和高级管理人员这二个主体,监事不在其中。从立法本意而言,监事起监督作用,不直接参与经营管理活动。

3、提出辞职请求但尚未批准之前的董事、高级管理人员是否仍属在职期间竞业禁止义务的主体?
观点一:只要该董事、高级管理人员提出辞职后请求并离开公司,不再参与公司的经营管理,虽然其形式上仍具有公司董事的身份,但这是因公司未及时召开股东会免去其董事职务所致,并非出自于辞职董事主观意愿,且自辞职至今也从未享有作为公司董事所应享有的各项权利,从公平、合理、适当平衡各方当事人利益的角度出发,宜将其担任董事之职的届满期限确定为其辞职之时。其辞职后就应视为其不再是董事或高级管理人员,再无履行在职期间的竞业禁止之义务,之后所从事的竞业行为不构成违反公司法的竞业禁止义务。如在上海申茂电磁线厂与王宝龙等董事、监事、经理损害企业利益纠纷案【(2005)沪高民二(商)终字第28号】中,原审法院和二审法院均持此观点。

观点二:公司董事或高级管理人员的职务不仅仅是一种权力,同时亦承担相应的责任。辞职行为不仅是对权力的放弃,还是对责任的卸去,而责任的卸去则须经严格的程序。董事、高级管理人员的辞职生效时间,应以其辞呈经公司权力机关批准后生效,公司权力机关在合理时间内不作为的,则申请辞职的人经催告后,亦可产生辞职生效的法律效果。如海淀区人民法院在北京华尔光电子有限公司与林明的竞业禁止纠纷案【(2001)海经初字第1137号民事判决书】中即持此观点,认为董事、高级管理人员在辞职未生效之前,董事、高级管理人员从事竞业行为的,仍构成在职期间的竞业禁止义务之违反。

观点三:根据合同法上的诚实信用原则,董事、高级管理人员离职后仍应履行竞业禁止之义务,无论辞职生效与否均不影响董事、高级管理人员履行竞业禁止之义务,辞职生效时间并不重要。

公司法规定,董事、监事任期届满未及时改选,或者董事、监事在任期内辞职导致董事、监事会成员低于法定人数的,在改选出的董事、监事就任前,原董事、监事仍应当依照法律、行政法规和公司章程的规定,履行董事、监事职务。参照此立法本意,我赞同第二种观点。

4、离职后的董事、高级管理人员是否仍有竞业禁止义务?

观点一:公司法对董事、高级管理人员离职后仍应履行竞业禁止义务没有明文规定,那么他们的竞业禁止义务终于离任之时。如上海申茂电磁线厂与王宝龙等董事、监事、经理损害企业利益纠纷案和海贵新技术发展有限公司诉李农、李柯、何威、李慰、郑海滨违反竞业禁止义务案。

观点二:公司董事、高级管理人员在离任后仍有竞业禁止义务。
董事、高级管理人员离职后,对曾经获悉和掌握的商业信息等无形资产仍没有立即失去控制力和利用力,给其在离职后利用原任职期间获取的信息与原公司展开竞争经营创造了机会,其危害性与其任职期间的竞业行为相比更为严重。同时,《合同法》第92条规定:“合同的权利义务终止后,当事人应当遵循诚实信用原则,根据交易习惯履行通知、协助、保密等义务。” 董事、高级管理人员与公司之间存在聘用合同,在离任后仍须承担一定的义务。

证监会颁布的《上市公司章程指引(2006年修订)》第101条规定:“董事辞职生效或者任期届满,应向董事会办妥所有移交手续,其对公司和股东承担的忠实义务,在任期结束后并不当然解除,在本章程规定的合理期限内仍然有效。” 《到境外上市公司章程必备条款》第118条规定:“公司董事、监事、经理和其他高级管理人员所负的诚信义务不一定因其任期结束而终止,其对公司商业秘密保密的义务在其任期结束后仍有效。其他义务的持续期应当根据公平的原则决定,取决于事件发生时与离任之间时间的长短,以及与公司的关系在何种情形和条件下结束。”

广电总局电影局关于促进电影制片发行上映协调发展的指导意见

国家广播电影电视总局电影管理局


广电总局电影局关于促进电影制片发行上映协调发展的指导意见

(2011)影字992号


中国电影发行放映协会:
为贯彻落实十七届六中全会精神,构建统一开放竞争有序的现代电影市场体系,巩固电影业改革发展成果,促进电影行业整体健康持续发展,我局在广泛调查研究的基础上,提出以下促进电影制片发行放映协调发展的指导意见。
一、为进一步平衡电影制片与发行放映的利益分配水平,建立符合市场规律的电影投资与回报体系,并参照国际惯例,电影院对于影片首轮放映的分账比例原则上不超过50%。
二、为促进影院建设持续健康发展,降低影院建设、经营成本,维护电影行业的整体利益,减少影院减少激烈竞争造成的后续经营不利影响,建议影院年度地产租金原则上不超过年度票房的15%。
三、为提高电影院线的经营管理水平,促进电影院线稳定健康发展,加强电影院线“统一品牌、统一供片、统一经营、统一管理”的经营理念,根据《关于改革电影发行放映机制的实施细则(试行)》(广发办字〔2001〕1519号)的有关精神,影院以签约形式加盟院线的,签约期原则上不少于三年,签约期间,影院如改签加盟资产联结在50%以上院线的,经与签约院线协商,可改签加盟资产联结院线。电影院线要树立服务意识,创新服务方式,以优质的服务水平提高市场竞争力。

四、为规范电影院广告放映管理,提高电影广告的经营管理能力,待制片发行放映利益调整到合理水平后,电影院广告放映经营权逐步回归到电影院,制片方不在经营贴片广告。电影院广告放映的其他规定仍按国家及行业的有关规定执行。
五、各电影单位要树立大局意识,责任意思,严格执行国家对电影管理的相关法规政策。要切实加强行业自律,自觉抵制破坏电影市场正常秩序的行为。
请你协会将《指导意见》向行业内转发,并做好相关协调工作。希望各电影单位,要抓住国家大力支持发展文化产业的历史机遇,深化改革,积极探索适应我国国情的电影产业发展经营模式,团结合作,以中国电影产业全面健康发展为目的,为实现十七届六中全会提出的推动文化产业成为国民经济支柱性产业的目标做出新的努力和贡献。


二0一一年十一月二十九日

国家广播电影电视总局电影管理局(章)

主题词:电影 产业 发展 意见
抄送:中国电影制片人协会

中华人民共和国枪支管理办法(附英文)

公安部


中华人民共和国枪支管理办法(附英文)

(一九八一年一月五日国务院批准)

第一条 为了维护社会治安,保障公共安全,防止犯罪分子利用枪支进行破坏活动,特制定本办法。
第二条 本办法所指的枪支(包括这些枪支所使用的弹药)是指非军事系统的下列枪支:军用的手枪、步枪、冲锋枪和机枪,射击运动用的各种枪支,狩猎用的有膛线枪、散弹枪、火药枪,麻醉动物用的注射枪,以及能发射金属弹丸的气枪。
中国人民解放军、民兵和人民武装警察部队装备的军用枪支按军队和民兵系统有关规定管理。

枪支的佩带和配置
第三条 下列人员可以佩带枪支:
(一)人民法院、人民检察院、公安机关因工作必需佩带枪支的人员;
(二)边防地区、海防地区以及省、自治区人民政府认为有佩带枪支必要的其他偏僻地区的党政负责干部;
(三)省级以上党政机关的机要交通员,边疆地区县、市党政机关和邮电部门有佩带枪支必要的机要通信人员;
(四)海关因工作必需佩带枪支的人员;
(五)军工工厂的警卫押运人员。
第四条 下列单位可以配置公用枪支:
(一)有配枪必要的厂矿、企业、机关、学校、科研等单位的保卫部门;
(二)有配枪必要的重要财政金融单位和地处偏僻不设武装看守的重要仓库、电台、科研单位;
(三)在偏僻地区和海上作业有配枪必要的地质勘探队、测绘队;
(四)航行沿海和远洋的客、货、油轮及其他海上作业的工作船;
(五)有配枪必要的民航机场和民航飞机。
第五条 开展射击运动的县以上体育运动委员会,可以配置射击运动枪支。
第六条 专业狩猎生产的人员和单位,可以佩带和配置猎枪。非专业狩猎人员持有猎枪的,限十八岁以上公民,每人不得超过两支。
第七条 狩猎生产和科研教学单位、野生动物饲养和畜牧业单位、兽医院需对动物进行麻醉注射的,可以配置注射枪。
第八条 电影制片厂因拍摄电影需要,可以购置已经淘汰的旧式枪支作道具使用。但除少量效果枪外,其他枪支机件必须进行技术处理,使其不再能用以实弹射击。

枪支的制造和购买
第九条 各种枪支,除国家指定的工厂制造和修理外,任何单位和个人,不准私自制造、修理或装配。
第十条 各单位购买军用枪支,应当将购买枪支的种类、数量、用途、佩带和配置范围报经当地公安机关同意后,向国家指定的机关申请价拨。
购买各种射击运动枪支,需经上一级体育运动委员会批准和所在地县、市公安局同意,发给购买证,凭证向国家指定的单位购买。
购买猎枪和注射枪,需经县以上林业部门批准和公安机关同意,发给购买证,凭证向国家指定的单位购买。经销猎枪的商店,需在县、市以上公安机关注册。
除国家指定或经主管部门批准的单位外,任何单位和个人不得买卖枪支、弹药。

枪支的管理
第十一条 持枪人员,必须经本单位负责人同意,报县以上主管部门批准。持枪单位,必须经县以上人民政府批准。
任何单位和个人,未经法定手续批准,不得私自保存枪支、弹药。对于未经批准持有的枪支、弹药,必须送交当地公安机关,不得擅自处理。
第十二条 持枪人员和持枪单位,必须向所在地县、市公安局申领持枪证。经县、市公安局审核,发给持枪证。
持枪人员携带枪支外出,必须随身携带持枪证备查。因公携带公用枪支到本县、市以外地区的,必须向所在地县、市公安局申领持枪通行证。
第十三条 展览馆、博物馆等单位保存的有历史意义的枪支,必须向所在地县、市公安局登记,不准挪作他用。
第十四条 严禁在城市、集镇、居民点、风景游览区、机场、交通沿线以及其他规定不准鸣枪的地区任意呜枪。非狩猎区禁止鸣枪打猎。
第十五条 在某些特定的地区和场所,不准携带枪支时,持枪人员应当将所带枪支交公安机关或指定单位保存,离去时发还。
第十六条 各种枪支均须妥善保管,确保安全。集体持有的,应当指定专人负责,专库(柜)保存,枪支、弹药分别存放,严防丢失、被盗和发生其他事故。
枪支丢失、被盗,必须立即报告公安机关,并保护现场。
第十七条 持枪单位和持枪人员不准私自将枪支、弹药赠送、转借他人。持枪单位撤销或持枪人员工作调动时,应当将枪支交还发枪单位,并将持枪证交回原发证公安机关注销。
持有猎枪的人,迁离原住地县、市时,应当向原发证公安机关缴销持枪证,换领携运证。到达目的地后,凭携运证向当地公安机关办理新的持枪证。
第十八条 运输枪支、弹药,必须事先向运往地的县、市公安局申领运输证。运到目的地后,凭证向当地公安机关登记备案或申领持枪证。
第十九条 从国外携带猎枪入境,必须事先经常住地县、市公安局批准。入境时,向海关申报,由边防检查站审核发给携运证。到达目的地后,向当地公安机关换领持枪证。
携带猎枪出境,需向原发证公安机关缴销持枪证,换领携运证。出境时,向海关申报,将携运证交出境地边防检查站。
第二十条 各单位对不堪使用的报废枪支,要登记造册,报省、自治区,直辖市主管部门领导批准,向所在地县、市公安局送验登记清册,并作彻底毁型处理后,由销毁单位派人监督,在省、自治区、直辖市公安厅、局指定的冶金工厂回炉销毁。
第二十一条 对发射金属弹丸的气枪,体育部门用于射击运动的,按射击运动枪支管理;狩猎单位用于狩猎的,按猎枪管理。个人购买和持有发射金属弹丸的气枪,也要登记管理,具体办法由省、自冶区、直辖市公安厅、局制定。
第二十二条 持枪证,持枪通行证,射击运动枪、猎枪、注射枪购买证,枪支弹药运输证、携运证由公安部统一制定,省、自治区、直辖市公安厅、局统一印制,县、市公安局签发。
第二十三条 各级公安机关对本地区非军事系统枪支的佩带、使用、保管、变动等情况,实施监督,并定期进行检查。

外国人的枪支管理
第二十四条 外国驻华外交代表机关、领事机关及其人员携带枪支来华,必须事先向中华人民共和国外交部提出申请,经同意后,入境时向海关申报,由边防检查站审核发给携运证。到达目的地后,向驻在地的市公安局申报,办理枪支登记。
外国驻华外交代表机关、领事机关及其人员所有的枪支,除猎枪可在狩猎场所使用外,一律不得携出各该国驻华外交代表机关、领事机关。
外国驻华外交代表机关、领事机关及其人员携带枪支出境,应当照会中华人民共和国外交部,向驻在地的市公安局注销,申领携运证。出境时,向海关申报,将携运证交出境地边防检查站。
第二十五条 外国党、政、军、议会代表团成员及其警卫人员携带枪支来华,必须事先向中华人民共和国外交部或接待单位申报同意,由接待单位通知边防检查站,并向公安部备案。
第二十六条 外国体育代表队携带射击运动枪支,前来我国参加射击运动比赛活动,必须事先经中华人民共和国体育运动委员会批准。入境时,向海关申报,由边防检查站审核发给携运证。到达比赛地后,向当地县、市公安局登记备案,离开时注销。途经我国的,必须事先经中华人民共和国体育运动委员会批准,由中华人民共和国体育运动委员会通报边防检查机关,由入境地边防检查站将所带枪支加封过境。
第二十七条 外国民航飞机和外国籍船舶上携带的枪支、弹药,在飞机、船舶进入我国口岸时,由边防检查站予以封存,出境时启封。
第二十八条 本办法第二十四条、第二十五条、第二十六条规定以外的其他来华的外国人,除经中华人民共和国国家主管部门和目的地省、自治区、直辖市公安厅、局批准的以外,一律不准携带枪支、弹药入境。凡携带枪支、弹药的,在入境时必须向海关申报,由边防检查站暂时封存在口岸,出境时发还本人,或由携带人退运出境。经批准携带枪支、弹药入出境的,按本办法第十九条的规定办理手续。过境的必须向海关申报,由边防检查站审核加封过境。凡未向海关申报的,一律按非法运输枪支、弹药处理。
第二十九条 外国人在华购买猎枪,需经省、自治区、直辖市外事部门或接待单位同意并出具证明,向购买地的县、市公安局申领购买证,经批准后,到指定的商店凭证购买。

处罚
第三十条 凡违反本办法的,对主管负责人和直接责任人要视其情节轻重,分别给予纪律处分、治安管理处罚,直至依照法律追究刑事责任。

其他
第三十一条 各省、自治区、直辖市人民政府和国务院各有关部、委可根据本办法,制定具体管理规定,报公安部备案。
第三十二条 本办法经国务院批准后,由公安部发布施行。一九五一年六月二十七日政务院批准、公安部发布施行的《枪支管理暂行办法》同时废止。

MEASURES OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA FOR THE CONTROL OFFIREARMS

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
MEASURES OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA FOR THE CONTROL OF
FIREARMS
(Approved by the State Council on January 5, 1981, and promulgated
by the Ministry of Public Security on April 25, 1981)
Article 1
These Measures are formulated to maintain public order, to safeguard
public security, and to prevent criminals from using firearms to commit
sabotage.
Article 2
The term firearms (including the ammunition used with these firearms), as
mentioned in these Measures, refers to the following firearms which belong
to the non-military system: pistols, rifles, and submachine guns and
machine guns for military use; various firearms for target shooting
sports; rifles, shot-gun, and powder-gun for hunting; injection-gun for
applying anesthesia on animals; and air-guns for discharging pellets. The
military firearms used for fitting out the People's Liberation Army, the
militia and the People's Armed Police Force shall be controlled in
accordance with the pertinent provisions of the army and militia system.
Carrying and Allocation of Firearms
Article 3
The following personnel may carry firearms:
(1) personnel working in the people's courts, the people's procuratorates,
and the public security organs who are required to carry firearms for
discharging their duties;
(2) party and government leading cadres working in the border areas,
coastal defence areas, and other remote areas who have the necessity, as
deemed by the people's governments of the provinces and autonomous
regions, to carry firearms;
(3) confidential couriers working in the Party and government departments
at or above the provincial level, and confidential messengers working in
the county or municipal Party and government departments in the border
areas or in post and telecommunications departments who have the necessity
to carry firearms;
(4) personnel working in the Customs who are required to carry firearms to
discharge their duties;
(5) guards and transport escorts working in war industries.
Article 4
Firearms for official use may be allocated to the following units:
(1) the security sections of factories and mines, enterprises, government
departments, schools and universities, research institutions, that have
the necessity to be fitted out with firearms;
(2) important financial and banking units and important warehouses, radio
stations, and research institutions which are located in remote area
without armed guards that have the necessity to be fitted out with
firearms;
(3) geological prospecting teams and survey and drawing teams that work in
remote areas or at sea, that have the necessity to be fitted out with
firearms;
(4) coastal and ocean-going passenger-liners, freighters and oil tankers
and other operation vessels operating on the sea;
(5) civil airports and civil air-liners that have the necessity to be
fitted out with firearms.
Article 5
Sports guns may be allocated to sports committees at or above the county
level that promote target-shooting sports.
Article 6
Personnel and units engaged in hunting as their specialized line of
production may carry or be allocated with hunting rifles. As regards the
non-professional hunting personnel, only citizens aged eighteen or over
may keep hunting rifles, and each can keep no more than two hunting
rifles.
Article 7
Injection-guns may be allocated to such units as hunting production units,
scientific research and teaching units, wild animal breeding and livestock
farms, and veterinary hospitals that have the necessity to apply
anesthesia on animals.
Article 8
Film studios, in order to meet the needs of film production, may purchase
old and obsolete firearms as stage properties. With the exception of just
a small number of firearms used for creating special stage effects, all
firearms must undergo technical treatment so that they can no longer be
used for discharging live ammunition.
Manufacture and Purchase of Firearms
Article 9
Various kinds of firearms shall be manufactured and repaired by factories
designated by the State only; no units and individuals may manufacture,
repair or assemble firearms without authorization.
Article 10
For the purchase of military firearms, the purchasing units shall submit
to the local public security organs a report listing such details as the
categories of firearms to be purchased, their quantities, uses, and scope
of carrying and allocation. After obtaining the approval, they shall apply
to the department designated by the State for appropriations.
The purchase of various categories of firearms for target-shooting sports
shall be approved by the sports committee at a higher level and have the
consent of and the purchase permit granted by the county or municipal
bureau of public security at the place where the purchasing units are
located: only with the purchase permit may a purchasing unit make
purchases of firearms at the department designated by the State. The
purchase of hunting rifles and injection-guns shall be approved by the
competent forestry department at the county level or higher and have the
consent of and the purchase permit granted by the public security organ;
only with the purchase permit, may a purchasing unit make purchases at the
department designated by the State. The distributors of hunting rifles
shall go through the procedures of registration at the public security
organ at the county or municipal level or higher.
With the exception of the units designated by the State or approved by the
competent department, no units or individuals may sell or purchase
firearms and ammunition.
Control of Firearms
Article 11
The firearm-carrying personnel shall obtain the consent of the person in
charge of their unit, and have the approval of the competent department at
the county level or higher. The firearm-equipped unit shall obtain the
approval of the people's government at the county level or higher.
Without permission through legal procedures, no units or individuals may
keep firearms and ammunition privately. Firearms and ammunition kept
without permission shall be handed over to the local public security
organ, and shall not be disposed of privately.
Article 12
Firearm-carrying personnel and firearm-equipped units shall apply to the
local county or municipal bureau of public security for firearm licenses,
which shall be granted after examination and approval.
Firearm-carrying personnel, when going out with their firearms, shall
carry them with firearm licenses for examination. Personnel carrying
firearms for official use and who perform duties in places other than
their own county or municipality must apply to the local county or
municipal bureau of public security for firearm-carrying pass.
Article 13
Firearms which bear historic significance kept on display in exhibition
halls, museums, etc., shall be registered at the local county or municipal
bureau of public security, and shall not be used for other purposes.
Article 14
It is strictly prohibited to fire shots at will in cities, towns,
residential areas, scenic spots, airports, along communication lines, or
in any other places where shot-firing is prohibited according to
regulations. It is prohibited to fire shots and hunt in non-hunting areas.
Article 15
In some particular areas or places where firearms are banned, firearm-
carrying personnel shall leave the firearms they carry with the public
security organ or a designated unit for safe-keeping, and have them given
back when leaving.
Article 16
All categories of firearms shall be kept properly and safe. Firearms kept
collectively shall be well taken care of by persons specially designated
for the job; special warehouses (or cabinets) shall be used for keeping
the firearms, and firearms and ammunition shall be kept separately; strict
measures shall be taken against loss, theft or other accidents. In case
that firearms are lost or stolen, it must be reported immediately to the
public security organ, and the scene of the incident shall be kept intact.
Article 17
Firearm-equipped units and firearm-carrying personnel are not permitted,
without official approval, to lend out their firearms and ammunition or
give them to others as gifts. In the event that a firearm-equipped unit
has been disbanded or a firearm-carrying person been transferred to a new
unit, the unit or the person shall return the firearms to the original
firearm-allocating unit, and return the firearm licence(s) to the original
licence-issuing public security organ for cancellation. Persons who hold
hunting rifles shall, upon moving away from the county or city of their
original residence, return for cancellation their firearm licences to the
original licence-issuing public security organ and obtain firearm-
transport passes. On their arrival at their destinations, they shall
present the firearm-transport passes to the local security organ and go
through the procedures for obtaining new firearm licences.
Article 18
To transport firearms and ammunition, it is imperative to apply to the
county or municipal bureau of public security stationed at the destination
of transportation for a transport pass. Upon arrival at the destination,
the applicant shall present the transport pass to the local public
security organ and go through the procedures for registration or for
obtaining a new firearm licence.
Article 19
To carry hunting rifles into the country from abroad, it is imperative to
obtain, in advance, the approval of the county or municipal bureau of
public security stationed in the locality of the applicant's residence.
Upon entering the country, the applicant shall declare at the Customs, and
a carrying-transport permit shall be issued after examination and approval
by the border inspection office. Upon arrival at the destination, the
applicant shall go through the procedures for obtaining a firearm licence
by presenting the carrying-transport permit.
To carry hunting rifles out of the country, it is imperative to return for
cancellation the firearm licence to the original licence-issuing public
security organ for a carrying-transport permit. On exit, the applicant
shall declare at the Customs, and surrender the carrying-transport permit
to the local border inspection office.
Article 20
Firearms that have fallen into disuse shall be registered by the firearm-
holding units in detailed lists, which shall be submitted for approval to
the competent departments of the province, autonomous region, or
municipality directly under the Central Government, and, then, again to
the local county or municipal bureau of public security for examination;
after that, the disused firearms shall undergo a treatment of
disfigurement before they are sent, under the supervision of the unit in
charge of the destruction, to a smeltery designated by the public security
department (bureau) of the province, autonomous region, or municipality
directly under the Central Government for melting down and complete
destruction.
Article 21
Air guns that discharge metal pellets shall be controlled in accordance
with the provisions concerning the control of sports guns, when used by
sports departments in target-shooting sports, and in accordance with the
provisions concerning the control of hunting rifles when used for hunting
by hunting units. Privately purchased and held pellet-discharging air guns
are also required to go through registration procedures and to be placed
under control; and the control measures shall be formulated by the public
security department (bureau) of the province, autonomous region, or
municipality directly under the Central Government.
Article 22
Firearm licences, firearm-carrying passes, purchase permits for sports
guns, hunting rifles and injection-guns, transport passes for firearms and
ammunition, and carrying-transport permits shall all be devised solely by
the Ministry of Public Security, be printed solely by the public security
department (bureau) of the province, autonomous region, or municipality
directly under the Central Government, and be signed and issued by the
county or municipal bureau of public security.
Article 23
The public security organs at various levels shall exercise supervision
over such affairs as the carrying, use, safe-keeping, and changes of
firearms in the non-military departments of their locality, and carry out
inspection at regular intervals.
Control of Firearms of Foreigners
Article 24
Foreign diplomatic missions and consular posts in China, and their
personnel, that are to carry firearms into China shall apply in advance to
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China; after
obtaining the consent, they shall declare at the Customs on entering the
country and then be issued the carrying-transport permits by the border
inspection office after examination. Upon arrival at the destination, the
applicants shall report to the local municipal bureau of public security,
and go through the registration procedures for their firearms.
No firearms belonging to foreign diplomatic missions and consular posts in
China and to their personnel, with the exception of their shotguns which
may be used in hunting grounds, shall be carried out of the confines of
the aforesaid missions and posts. Foreign diplomatic missions and
consular posts in China and their personnel that are to carry their
firearms out of China shall send a note to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
of the People's Republic of China, and make an application to the
municipal bureau of public security at the locality of their residences
for registration cancellation and for the issuance of carrying-transport
permits. On exit, they shall declare at the Customs, and submit the
carrying-transport permit to the local border inspection office.
Article 25
Members of foreign political party, government, military or parliamentary
delegations and their guards that are to carry firearms into China shall
obtain in advance the consent from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the
People's Republic of China or from the host units, which shall notify the
border inspection office and submit a report to the Ministry of Public
Security for the record.
Article 26
Foreign sports teams that come to China to take part in a shooting
tournament with their sports rifles and pistols shall obtain in advance
the approval by the Physical Culture and Sports Commission of the People's
Republic of China. On entering the country, they shall declare at the
Customs, and then the border inspection office shall issue them the
carrying-transport permits after examination. On arrival at the locality
of the tournament, they shall go through the registration procedures for
the record at the local county or municipal bureau of public security, and
cancel the registration before leaving. Foreign sports teams that travel
via China shall obtain in advance the approval of the Physical Culture and
Sports Commission of the People's Republic of China, which shall notify
the border inspection authorities, and the inspection office at the entry
point shall put paper slip seals on the firearms and permit them to pass
through the country.
Article 27
Firearms and ammunition on board foreign civil air-liners or vessels
registered in foreign countries, shall be sealed up by the border
inspection office when the air-liners and vessels enter a port of China,
and unsealed when the air-liners and vessels leave the country.
Article 28
Apart from those who come to China as stipulated in Articles 24, 25 and 26
of these Measures, no foreigners are permitted to carry firearms and
ammunition into the territory, unless approved by the competent
departments of the People's Republic of China and by the public security
department (bureau) of the province, autonomous region, and municipality
directly under the Central Government at the places of their destination.
Those who carry firearms and ammunition with them must, on entering the
territory, declare at the Customs, and the border inspection office shall
temporarily seal up the firearms and ammunition for safekeeping at the
entry port, and give them back when the owners leave the country; or the
firearms and ammunition shall be retransported out of the territory by the
original carriers. Those who have obtained the approval to carry firearms
and ammunition into or out of the territory shall go through the
procedures in accordance with the stipulations of Article 19 of these
Measures. Those in transit shall declare at the Customs, and the border
inspection office shall seal the firearms up after examination, and permit
them to pass through the country. Those who fail to declare at the
Customs shall be dealt with, without exception, as cases of illegal
transport of firearms and ammunition.
Article 29
Foreigners who wish to buy hunting rifles in China, shall obtain the
approval of and certificates from the foreign affairs office of the
province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central
Government, or the host unit. They shall then apply to the local county
and municipal bureau of public security for purchase permits and make
their purchases at designated stores after approval.
Penalties
Article 30
The chief person-in-charge and the direct offender, who are held
responsible for the violation of these Measures, shall receive penalties
ranging from disciplinary sanction, punishment in accordance with the
regulations on the maintenance of public order, to an investigation by the
judicial organ of the criminal responsibilities of the offender, depending
on the seriousness of the case.
Miscellaneous
Article 31
The people's governments of various provinces, autonomous regions and
municipalities directly under the Central Government and the various
ministries and commissions under the State Council may, in accordance with
these Measures, formulate specific provisions for the control of firearms,
and report thereon to the Ministry of Public Security for the record.
Article 32
These Measures shall go into effect after the approval by the State
Council and the promulgation by the Ministry of Public Security. The
Interim Measures Concerning the Control of Firearms, approved by the
Government Administration Council and promulgated by the Ministry of
Public Security on June 27, 1951, shall be abrogated at the same time.